Sensors, Actuators & IoT

Connecting firmware to the physical world and the cloud. Interfacing sensors and actuators to microcontrollers, signal conditioning, drivers for motors and relays, and building connected IoT devices.

• Sensor Interfacing — Connecting sensors to a microcontroller: analogue sensors through the ADC, digital sensors over I²C and SPI, pulse-timing sensors like ultrasonic rangers, and the scaling, filtering and calibration that turn raw values into physical units.
• Actuator Interfacing — Actuators turn electrical signals into action: LEDs, relays, solenoids, DC motors, servos and steppers. Learn transistor and MOSFET drivers, flyback protection, H-bridges, servo PWM and how to size drive circuits safely.
• IoT Systems — The Internet of Things connects embedded devices to the cloud. Learn IoT architecture, wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, BLE, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT), MQTT, power budgets, security, OTA updates and edge computing.